Document Type : Scientific-Research

Authors

1 A.M. Department of History, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Assistant Professor Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Department of History,

Abstract

The early phases of conquest had a significant impact on the following centuries of the Islamic government. This impact made Muslims pay attention to the conquests. One result was integrating conquest news into historical writings. Because of temporal proximity, the narration of conquests of Iran in third-century historians' books such as Ibn Khayyat, Balādhurī, Dīnawarī, Yaqubi becomes importance. There are various similar and different narratives in these books, especially on the first caliph's conquests. Therefore, the study focuses on the methods that historians of the third century AH used for remaking the narratives of Iran's conquests and its relationship with the historical and political status of Abū Bakr's caliphate. The descriptive-analytical study showed that accepting the dominant Islamic culture, many of the historians tried to make Iran's conquest in line with the saint history of the Islamic Caliphate. However, their place attachment and social status pushed them towards specific considerations on ethnic pride and local and regional rivalries. They resulted in differences in describing details of the conquest narratives.

Keywords


List of sources with English handwriting
-         Abū ḵalīl, Šoqī (1425/2005), Aṭlas al-Tārīḵ al-‘Arabī al-Eslāmī, Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.
-         Āḏartāš, Āḏarnūš (1387 Š.), Čāliš Mīyān-e Fārsī va ‘Arabī, Tehran: Niy. [In Persian]
-         ‘Azīzī, Ḥossein (1391 Š.), Naqd va Barrrsī-ye Manābi‘ Tārīḵī-e Fotūh dar Sa Qarn-e Avval-e Ḥīĵrī, Qom: Peĵūhīšgāh-e Ḥouza va Danišgāh. [In Persian]
-         ‘Azīzī, Ḥossein (1391 Š.), “Ibn Vāżiḥ Yaqūbī va Āṯār-e Ou dar Mīrāṯ-e Maktūb”, Peĵūhišhā-ye Tārīḵī, 4, No. 1 (13). [In Persian]
-         Aḥmad ‘Alī, Ṣāliḥ (1413), “Mofāḵirāt al-Kūfa va al-Basra”, al-Maĵma‘a al-‘Elmī al-‘Arāq, Vol. 24, part 3.
-         Aḥmadīmaniš, Moḥammad (1394 Š.), “Eṣlāḥ-e Sāḵtār-e Dolat-e Abbāsi dar Nima-ye Dovvom-e Sada-ye Sevvom”, Pežūhišhā-ye ‘Olūm-e Tārīḵī, 7, No. 1, Spring and Summer. [In Persian]
-         Bilāḏorī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā (1988), Fotūḥ al-Boldān, Beirut: Dār & Maktaba al-Hilāl.
-         Al-Dori, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, Našat al-‘Elm al-Tārīḵ ‘Ind al-‘Arab, Beirut: al-Maṭba‘a al-Kātolīkīa.
-         Dīnivarī, Abu Ḥanīfa Aḥmad b. Dāvūd (1368 Š.), Al-Aḵbār al-Ṭavāl, Edited by ‘Abd al-Mon‘im ‘Āmir, Qom: Manšūrāt al-Razī.
-         Ejtihādī, Abulqāsin (1363 Š.), Barrasī-ye Vaż‘i Mālī va Māliyya Moslimīn az Aḡāz tā Pāyān-e Doriy-e Omavīān, Tehran: Sorūš. [In Persian]
-         Ḥāĵībābāīī, Maḥmūd; Zāri‘I, ‘Alī (1393 Š.), “ĵāygāha Omūr-e Farāmādī dar Taḥlīl-e Fotūḥāt-e Mosalmānān dar Īrān”, Tārīḵ-e Farhang va Tamaddon-e Eslāmī, 5, No. 15. [In Persian]
-         Ḥażratī, Ḥasan (1387 Š.), Dāniš-e Tārīḵ va Tārīḵnigār Eslāmī, Qom: Būstān-e Kitāb. [In Persian]
-         Himavī, Yāqūt b. ‘Abd allāh (1995), Mo‘ĵam al-Boldān, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
-         Ibn ḵordāḏbih, ‘Obiyd allāh b. ‘Abd allāh (1371 Š.), Al-Masālik va al-Mamālik, translated by Saīīd ḵākrand, Tehran: Milal & Ḥonafā.
-         Ĵābirī, Moḥammad ‘Abid (1384 Š.), ‘Aql-e Sīāsī dar Eslām, Translated by ‘Abdulrezā Savārī, Tehran: Gām-e No. [In Persian]
-         Ĵafarīān, Rasūl (1376 Š.), Manābi‘ Tārīḵ-e Eslām, Qom; Anṣārīān. [In Persian]
-         ḵalifa b. ḵayyāt, Abu ‘Omar (1415/1995), Al-Tārīḵ, Edited by Foāz, Beirut: Dār al-Kotob al-‘Elmiyya.
-         Karīmīān and et. Al (1391 Š.), “Dīnivar az Šiklyābī tā Eżmiḥlāl Taamolī Dīgar dar ‘Avāmil-e Moaṯir bar Eżmiḥlāl-e Šahr-hā”, Peĵūhišhā-ye Īrānšināsī, 2, No. 1. [In Persian]
-         Maḡūṯ, Sāmī b. ‘Abdu allāh b. Aḥmad (1424/2004), Aṭlas al-ḵalīfa b. Abībakr al-Ṣidīq, Al-Rīāż.
-         Maḥmūdābādī, Aṣḡar (1380 Š.), “Tārīḵnigārān va Rūydād-e Qādisīyya”, Faṣlnana-ye Tārīḵ-e Eslām, No. 7. [In Persian]
-         Ma‘sūmī, Moḥsin; ‘Abdulmalikī, Moḥammad (1393 Š.), “Īrāngarāīī dar Āṯār-e Movariḵān-e Īrānī Eslāmī dar Sadahā-ye Sivvom tā Panĵom-e Ḥiĵrī”, Peĵūhišnana-ye Tārīḵ va Tamaddon-e Eslāmī, 47, No. 2. [In Persian]
-         Maṭlūb, Aḥmad (1982), “Al-Baṣra fi Torāṯ al-ĵāḥiẓ (al-Qism al-Ṯānī)”, Kolīyyat al-ādāb ĵāmi‘at Baḡdād, Vo. 11, No. 4.
-         Nāĵī, ‘Abd al-ĵabbār (1407), “Rīādat Movariḵī al-Baṣra fi Kitāba Tavārīḵ Šāmala”, Kolīyyat al-ādāb ĵāmi‘at Baḡdād, No. 4.
-         Nāẓimīānfard, ‘Alī; Ḥātan la-Ebrāhīmī, Yāsamīn (1394 Š.), “Kāmyābī-ye Mo‘tażid dar Modīrīat-e Boḥrān-e Mālī-e ḵīlāfat-e ‘Abbasī”, Peĵūhišhā-ye Tārīḵ-e Eslām va Īrān, No. 16. [In Persian]
-         Nāẓimīānfard, ‘Alī (1377 Š.), “Fotūḥ al-Boldān Manba‘ī Mostanad dar Bāb-e Čegūnigī-ye Fatḥ-e Šahr-ha va Kišvar-hā”, Kitab-e Māh-e Tārīḵ va ĵoḡrāfīā. [In Persian]
-         Qāidān, Aṣḡar (1384 Š.), “Tārīḵnigārī-e ĵang dar ‘Āṣr-e Eslāmī”, Faṣlnama-ye Moṭāliāt-e ĵang-e Īrān va ‘Arāq, 4, No. 13. [In Persian]
-         Qāidān, Aṣḡar (1390 Š.), “Taṯīr-e Rivāyāt-e Ayyām al-‘Arab bar Maḡāzī va Fotūhnigārī”, Moṭāliāt-e Tārīḵ-e Eslām, 3, No. 9. [In Persian]
-         Qāsim b. Salām (1388/1968), Al-Amvāl, Edited by ḵalīl Moḥammad Harās, Cairo: Maktaba al-Kollīāt al-Azharīa.
-         Saīīdīān ĵazī, Maryam (1386), “Moṯanā b. Ḥāriṯa Šaibānī va Naḵostīn Fotūḥ-e Eslāmi dar ‘Arāq”, Faslnāma Tārīḵ-e Eslām, 8, No. 30. [In Persian]
-         Ṣabūrī, Faṭima (1388 Š.), “Pīšgāmān-e Tārīḵnigār-e Īrānī tā Qarn-e Panĵom-e Ḥiĵrī”, Miškāt, No. 102. [In Persian]
-         Šabāna, RAḥīm (1388 Š.), “Fotūḥ al-Boldān Farhangnama-ye ĵoḡrāfīyā-ye Tārīḵī”, Kitāb-e Māh-e Tārīḵ va ĵoḡrāfīyā, No. 134. [In Persian]
-         Šahīdī, ĵafar (1358 Š.), Pas az Panĵāh Sāl, Tehran: Amīr Kabīr.
-         Ṭaḥāvī, ‘Abdul‘alīm (1360 Š.), “Al-Bayyīāt al-‘Elmiyya al-Eslāmīya: 1- Baṣra”, Hidāyat al-Eslāmīya, Vol. 14, Part 1 & 2.
-         Ya‘qūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Vāżiḥ (1892), Al-Boldān, Edited by Moḥammad Amīn Żonāvī, Beirut; Dār al-Kotob al-‘Elmīyya.
-         Ya‘qūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Vāżiḥ, Tārīḵ, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
-         Zargarīnižād, Ḡolām Ḥossien (1383 Š.), Nehżat-e Emām Ḥossien (PBUH) va Qīām-e Karbalā, Tehran: Samt. [In Persian]
-         Ẓarīfīān Šafī‘ī, Ḡolāmreżā; Ṣīāmīān Gorĵī, Zohair (1391 Š.), “Tārīḵnigārī Eslāmī dar Ravāyat-e Ahl-e Ḥadiṯ, Nimūna Mūridī: Tārīḵ-e ḵalīfa b. ḵayyāṭ”, Moṭāliāt-e Tārīḵ-e Eslām, 4, No. 12. [In Persian]
-         Zarrīnkūb, ‘Abdulḥossein (1392 Š.), Tārīḵ-e Īrān Ba‘d az Eslām, Tehran: Amīr Kabīr. [In Persian]
-         Zikar, Sohail (1967), “Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt ḵalīfa b. ḵayyāt”, al-Marifa, Part 1, No. 64.
 
References in English and German
-         Brockelmann, Carl (2016-19), History of the Arabic Written Tradition, trans. by Joep Lameer, Handbook of Oriental Studies.
-         Le Strange, Guy (1905), The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur, Cambridge Schmidt, Erich (1986), Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran, The American Institute of Iranian Studies, Monograph 1. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
-         Noldeke, Theodor (1973), Geschichte der perser und Araber zur zeit der Sasaniden, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
-         Robinson, Chase. F. (2008), Islamic historiography (Themes in Islamic History), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.