Document Type : Scientific-Research

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of History, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The present study compares the Rawadids' history in the Islamic historical sources and the Divan of Qatran, the poet of the court of this dynasty's rulers. The main issue of this research is to show the importance of Qatran poetic narration for completing, developing, and correcting the reports of historical sources from the period of Rawadids.
Due to the distance of Azerbaijan from the center of the Abbasid caliphate and the relative independence of the Rawadids from the Buyids, the narration of historical sources about them is short and cross-sectional and lacks temporal and spatial continuity. This narration does not go beyond the political and military spheres and covers only the times when part of the events of the Rawadids is linked to the Caliphate or the Buyids and the Seljuks. Contrary to historical sources, Qatran provides a narrative report that has a half-century continuum. His report includes characters from this dynasty that do not exist in historical sources. Although Qatran does not refer to the lineage and clan of the Ravadids, his poems deal with a part of their intellectual, cultural, and social history that does not exist in the narration of historical sources. Much of Qatran's narrative of the history of the Ravadids challenges the narrative of historical sources and shows their numerous flaws and shortcomings. This contemporary and direct narrative can to some extent provide the possibility of verifying the narration of historical sources that have been written mainly within a temporal and spatial distance from that period.

Keywords

List of sources with English handwriting:
A.A. Bykovf, “ ʼDaisam ibn Ibrāhkhīm al-Kurdī i ego monetui (Iz istorii Azerbaidzhana i Armenii X v.)” (Daysam b. Ebrāhīm Kordī and his coins [from the history of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 10th century]), Epigrafika Vostoka 10, 1955, pp. 14-3(Bykouf , A.A,(2021) ʼomalat Al-amir Disam ibn Ibrahim Al-kordi,  translated by mosleh botani, soleymanie , zin, Issue 11
Balāḍharī,AbolḤassan Aḥmad Ibn Yaḥ́yā(2000), Futūḥ al-Buldān, Beīrūt:BīNā
Bandārī, al-Fatḥ Ibn ʻAlī(1980) Zūbdat al-Naṣra va Nūḵbat al 'Usra(Tārīḵ dawlat Āl_ Salĵūq), Beirut: Al_ĵadidah
Eṣṭaḵrī, Abu Esḥāq Ebrāhīm (1927), edited by Michael Jan de Goeje, Leiden: Brill
Hudūd al-'Alam(1372), Translated by Maryam Mīrahmadī and  qulāmrezā Varahrām, Tehran: Alzahrā University
Huseini, ‘Alī(1933), Aḵbār Al_ dawlat Al_ Salĵūqīyyah( Al_ Zubdat Al-Tawāriḵ), edited by Moḥammad Eqbāl, Lāhūr:
Ibn Al_ ĵauzi, Abdolraḥmān(1992), Almontazam, edited by Moḥammad ‘Abdolqāder ‘Atā and Mostafā ‘Abdolqāder ‘Atā, Beirut:  Dār Al_ Kotob Al_‘Elmiyyah
Ibn Abi al-Hayĵa, Moḥammad(1993), Tārīḵ, edited by Ṣobḥī Abdu Al_Mon‘em
Ibn Al_Asīr, ‘Ezu Al_dn ‘Ali(1979), Al_Kāmel fī Al_Tārīḵ, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir.
Ibn Al_Azraq Al_Farīqī, Aḥmad(1979), Tārīḵ Al_Farīqī, Beirut: Bi Na
Ibn ‘Adīm, Kamāl Al_Dīn ‘Omar, Baḡiyyat Al_ṭalab fī Tārīḵ Al_ Ḥalab, Damascus:
Ibn Al_‘Asākir, ‘Alī(1995), Tārīḵ Madnah Dimāšhq, Beirut: Dār Al_Fikr
Ibn al-Qalanisī, Abu Ya‘la Hamẓah(1908), Almazīl fī Tārīkh Dimāšhq, Beirut: Matba'at al-Aba' al-Yasu'īyyīn. 
Ibn Ḥauqal, Moḥammad (1938), Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ , edited by Hendrik Kramers, Leiden: Brill
Ibn ḵallikān, Aḥmad(1985), Wafayāt Al_A‘yān, edited by Ehsān ‘Abbās,Qom: Manšūrāt_e_ Razi
Ibn ḵordādbeh, ‘Obaydallāh Ibn ‘Abdallāh (1889), Al_Masālik Wa Al_Mamālik, edited by Michael Jan de Goeje, Leiden: Brill.
Ibn_e Nāmdār, mas‘ud(1970) Maĵmū‘eye qiṣaṣ va rasā,‘el va aš‘ār, Moscow: Selsila Āsār al_ādāb al_Šarqīyah
Kasravī, Aḥmad(1379), Šahryārān_e Gomnām, Tehrān: Amīr Kabīr.
……….(1352),Kārvand, edited by Yahyā Zukā, Tehrān: Ketāb_hāye Ĵībī
Kāšānī, Anūširvān(1974), Tārīkh Dawlat Āl-e Seljūk, edited by Moḥammad ‘Azāvī,Qāhere: with the help of the Iranian Culture Foundation
Maqdesī,Moḥammad(1987), Ahsan Al-taqāsīm fī Maʻrifat Al-aqālīm, edited by Moḥammad Maḵzūm, Beirūt: Dar Eḥyā Al-Turās Al-Arabiyah 
Ma‘refat,Šuhreh and ‘Atā‘ī Kačū‘ī,Tahmīneh(1369),Ravayatī Tāzeh Az Yek qasīdeh_e Qaṭrān_e Tabrīzī(Bistu Yek Beit_e Naw Yāfteh), bāĵ,no.8
Mas‘udī, ‘Alī(1986),Murūĵ al-zahab wa Ma‘ādīn Al-ĵawhar, edited by Moḥammad qamīḥah, Beirut: Dar Al_ Maktabat Al_Ḥayāt
MESKAWAYH, ABU ʿALI AḤMAD b. Moḥammad (1379), Taĵārib Al_Umam,edited by Abulqāsem Imāmī, Tehran: Sorūš
Munaĵĵim Bāšī , Ahmad Afandī (Bī Tā), Ĵāmi‘ Al_Duval(pictorial version), Tehrān:Dāerat Al_Ma‘āref Buzurg_e_ Eslāmī
Nishāpūri,Zahir al-Din(1332), Saljūqnāmeh, Tehran: Kalāleh Khāvar
NĀṢER Ḵūsro (1354), Safarnāmeh, edited by Moḥammad dabīr Sīyaqī, Tehrān :
Qatran Tabrīzī (1333), Divān, Tabrīz: Šafaq
Qudāma b. Jaʿfar's (1979), Al_ḵarāĵ wa Ṣanā‘at Al_Kitāb, edited by Moḥammad Ḥosayn Zabīdī,Baḡdād: Dār Al_Rašīd
Rāwandī, Rāhat al-Sudūr wa ‘Āyat al_ Surūr, edited by Moḥammad Eqbāl and Moĵtabā Mīnuvī, Tehrān: Amīr Kabīr
Sayyed, Adīb(1972), Armīnīya fī Al_Tārīḵ Al_ ‘Arabīyah, Ḥalab: Al_ Matba'at Al_Ḥadīsah
Sībt Ibn Al_ĵawzī, Sībṭ(2013),Mir'āt al-Zamān fī tawārīh al-a'yān,vol.19, Damascus: Al_Resālat Al_‘Alamīyah
 Tabarī,Moḥammad(1997),Tāriḵ, Beirūt: ‘Ez Al_Dīn
Taqīzāde, Ḥassan(1363),"Qaṭrān_e Tabrīzī", in Qatrān, Divān, edited by Moḥammad Naḵĵavānī, Tehrān: Quqnūs
Tarbīat, Moḥammad ‘Alī(1376), Reĵāl_e Azarbaiĵān, edited by ḡolāmrezā Tabātabā'ī, Tabrīz: Abu
Yāqut b. ʿAbd-Allāh Ḥamawī (1956), Mu'ĵam Al-Buldān, Beirūt: dar Ṣādir
Ya'qūbī, Aḥmad(1956), Tārīḵ, Beirūt, BīNā
Zāmbāur, Eduārd K.Vun(1980), Muʿĵam al-ansāb wa al-usarāt al-ḥākīmah, translated by Zakī Moḥammad Ḥassan and Ḥassan Aḥmad Maḥmūd, Beirūt: Dār Al Rāed Al ‘Arabī
Zarrīnkūb, ‘Abdolhosein(1373), Tārīḵe mardum_e Irān, Tehrān: Amīrkabīr
Zukā, Yaḥyā(1343), Qaṭrān Va Naḵustin Mamdūh_e 'u, Suḵan, Tehrān: p16, no. 8 ,9
 
English Source
- Album, Stephan., (1972), Notes on the Coinage of Muhammad Ibn Al-Husain Al-Rawwadi,Revue Numismatique,
- Blaum, Paul A.,(2006) "Life in a rough neighborhood: Byzantium, Islam and the Rawwadid Kurds." International Journal of Kurdish Studies, vol. 20, no. 1-2,
- Bosworth, C. E., ( 1968) »The Political and dynastic history of the Iranian world )A. D. 1000-1217)«, The cambridge History of Iran, ed. J. A. Boyle, Cambridge, vol. V.
- Keith, A., (1909) »Berriepale«, Royal Asiatic Soci.ety
- Luther, K. A., »Atābakān-e Marāga«, Encyclopaedia Iranica, London, )1985(
- Madelung, W., (1975) »The Minor dynasties of northern Iran«, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge
- Minorsky, V.,( 1953) Studies in Caucasian History, London,.
-  Id, »Ahmadīlīs«,(1960)The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden,.
 Leiden, 1991
- Id, A History of sharvan and Darband, Cambridge, 1958.
- Id, »Marāgha«, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New edition, Leiden, 1991, vol. VI.
- Vardanian,Aram, (2009) The history of Iranian Adgarbayjan and Armenia in the - Rawwadid period(Tenth century AD) According to Narrative Sources and Coins, Numismatic Chronicle, London, Royal Numismatics Society,               
- Vasmer, R. (2004) Numismatics of the Islamica world, Frankfort.