Document Type : Scientific-Research

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Islamic History and Muslim Civilization, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The main problem of the current research is whether it is possible to present an indigenous periodization of the history of Iran in addition to the European-oriented periodization. In order to answer this question, the author tries to present his proposed model rejecting European-oriented periodization. The methodological approach in this research is "systemic analysis" and the unity of the criterion determined for periodization is "the nature of the political system". With these considerations, the author divides the history of Iran into five different periods:

King of Kings period (from the rise of the Median dynasty to the decline of the Sassanid)
Caliphate-Royal period (from The arrival of Islam in Iran until the fall of the Abbasid caliphate)
Khanid period (from the Mongol invasion of Iran to the establishment of the Safavid state)
The absolute monarchy period (from the rise of the Safavid dynasty to the establishment of the constitutional system) and
The period of constitutional monarchy (from the establishment of the constitutional system to the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty).

Keywords

Main Subjects

A group of writers (2002), Travelogues of Venetians in Iran, Translated by Manuchehr Amiri, Tehran: Ḵārazmī.
A.R.Gib, Hamilton (2003), "Some considerations on the Sunni Theory of the Caliphate", Translated by Nasrollah Salehi, History of Islam, 4(14): 199-212.
‘Abd-ul-Razzāq ‘Alī, al-Islam wa Uṣūl-ul-Ḥīkam, Edited by Mohammad ʿmărah, Beirut, Muassasah Dirasat va Alnaṣr.
Ahmadvand, Abbas (2013/2014) "Conceptual /Applicable Changes of "Sultan"", Iranian Journal for the History of  Islamic Civilization, 46(2): 129- 144 [In Persian with English abstract]
Azimi, Fakhr-al-din (1989), Iran, The crisis of democracy, Translated by Abd-al-Reza Hushang Mahdavi & Bizhan Nowruzi, , Tehran: Alborz
Bashiriye, Hossein (2001), Political Science for Everyone, Tehran: Negāhe Mo‘āṣer. [In Persian]
Broadbridge, Anne F (2020), Kingship and ideology in the Islamic and Mongol worlds, Translated by Javad Abbasi, Tehran: Historical Studies of Islam.
Emanuel Christensen, Arthur (2006) ,L'Iran sous les Sassanides, Translated by Gholamreza Rashid Yasemi, Edited by Hasan Rezaei Baghbidi, Tehran: ṣedāye Mo‘āṣer.
Feyrahi, Davood (2006), The history of the transformation of the state in Islam, Qom, Dānešgāh-e ‘Olūm-e Ensānīy-e Mofid, [In Persian].
Feyrahi, Davood (2022), Power, knowledge and legitimacy in Islam, Tehran: Ney, 2nd Edition, [In Persian].
Ḡazālī, Moḥammad b Moḥammad, Faża’īḥ-ul-Baṭīnīyyah, Edited by Abd-al-Rahmăn Badavi, Kuwait, Mussasah Dār-ul-kotob-ul-ṯīqafiyyah.
Ghirshman, Roman (1976), L'Iran des origines al'Islam, Translated by Mohammad Moin, Tehran: Donyāye Ketāb.
Grantwoski, Edvin & others, (1980), History of Iran, Translated by Keykhosrow Keshavarzi, Tehran: Puyeš.
Gutschmid, Alfred (2000), Geschichte irans und seiner nachbar lander, Translated by Keykavus Jahandari, Tehran: Qoqnūs.
Hamedānī, Ḵāǰe Rašīd ul-Dīn Fażl-ullāh Hamedānī, ǰāmī‘ ul-Tavarīḵ, Edited by Bahman Karimi, Tehran: Eqbāl.
Hazrati, Hasan & Naseh Sotudeh, Monireh (2010), "Explanation of Shiite-Sufi movements in Iran 7th to 10th centuries A.H.", A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam, 6(2): 51-74, [In Persian with English abstract].
Haarati, Hasan (2022), Research Method in Historiology, Tehran: Logos, 3rd Edition, [In Persian].
Ibn ǰamā‘e (2003), Taḥrīr ul- Aḥkām fī tadbīr Ahl ul- Islam, Beirut, Dār ul-kotob ul-Elmīyah [In Arabic]
Ibn ḵaldūn, Abū Zayd ‘Abd ur-Raḥmān b. Moḥammad ( 1983), Moqaddamah, Translated by Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Tehran: ‘Elmī va Farhangī. [In Persian]
Jaliliyan, Shahram (2009), "Electing of the King in the Sassanid Period: A Study on the Process of King Electing in Letter of Tansar to Ghōšnasb" Iran History, 59(5): 89- 115, [In Persian with English abstract].
Jaliliyan, Shahram (2018), The History of Sasanid Political Changes, Tehran: Samt, [In Persian]. 
Jaspers, Karl (1949), Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte, Translated by Mohammad Hasan Lotfi, Tehran: Ḵārazmī.
ǰoveīnī, ‘Aṭāmalek (2006), Tārīḵ-e ǰahāngošā, edited by Mohammad Qazvini, Tehran: Donyāye Ketāb, [In Persian].
Kraemer, Joel L (1996), Humanism in the renaissance of Islam: The cultural revival during the Buyid age, Translated by Mohammad Said Hanaei Kashani, Tehran: Markaze Našre Dānešgāhī
Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford (2000), State and government in medieval Islam: an introduction to the study, Translated by Ali Morshedizad, Tehran: Tebyān.
Lane, George (2010), Early Mongol rule in thirteenth-century Iran : a Persian renaissance Translated by Abolfazl Razavi, Tehran: Amīr Kabīr.
Laoust, Henri (1970), La politique de Ghazālī, Translated by Mahdi Mozaffari, Tehran: Bonyāde Farhange Iran.
Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2015), King and coart in ancient persia 559 to 331 bce, Translated by Fereydun Majlesi, Tehran: Nīlūfar.
Māvīrdī (1986), Aḥkām ul-Solṭānīyyah, Qom: Maktab Aʿlām Al-Islami.
Mojtabaei, Fathollah, The beautiful city of Plato and the ideal kingdom in ancient Iran, Tehran: Anjoman-e Farhang-e Iran Bāstān, [In Persian].
Mollaei Tavanī, Alireza (2022), " Constitutional revolution origin of contemporary history of Iran", Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History, 13(32): 121-145, [In Persian with English abstract].
Mollaei Tavanī,, Alireza (2022), "When is the origin of the new epoch of Iranian history?", Journal of History of Islam and Iran, 54(144): 161- 181, [In Persian with English abstract].
Porshariati, Parvane (2022), Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran, Translated by AvaVahedi Navaei, Tehran: Ney, [In Persian].
Rahimi, Mostafa (1968), The Constitution of Iran and the principles of democracy, Tehran: Ketābḵāneye Ebn Sīnā, [In Persian].
Rajabi, Parviz (2004), History of Iran at the Seleucid and Parthian periods, Tehran: Dānešgāh-e Payāme Noūr, [In Persian].
Rajabzadeh, Hashem (1998), Ḵāǰe Rašīdeddīn Fażlollāh Hamedānī, Tehran: Tarḥ-e Noū, [In Persian].
Savory, Roger Mervyn (2006), Iran under the Safavids, Translated by Kāmbiz Azizi, , Tehrān: Markaz, 3rd Edition.
Seyyed Jamal & Babaei Taher (2010), "Madjma‘ of Jānḳi :a study on supreme council of Safavid Court (906-1135 A.H)", A Quarterly Journal of Historical Studies of Islam, 2(6):139-150, [In Persian with English abstract].
Spuler, Bertold (1997), Die Mongolen in Iran, Translated by Mahmud Miraftab, Tehran: ‘Elmī va Farhangī.
Tabatabaei, Seyyed Javad (2018), A thought about Iran, Tehran: Mīnūye Ḵerad, [In Persian].
Weatherford, Jack (2004),  Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world, Tranlated by Sima Soltani, Tehran: Markaz.
Widengren, Geo (1999), Recherches sur feodallisme Iranian, Translated by Hushang Sadeqi, Tehran: Qaṭreh.
Zarrinkub, Abd-ol- Hossein (2005), History of Iranian people (before Islam), Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, [In Persian].
Hodous, Florence (2012-2013). “The Quriltai as a Legal Institution in the Mongol Empire”, Central Asiatic Journal, (56), 87-102.
Hugh, Chisholm (1911). ed. “Bruni, Leonardo”, Encyclopedia Britanica, 4 (11th). Cambridge University Press.
Koselleck, Reinhart (2002). "Social history and conceptual history" in the practice of conceptual history, timing history spacing concept, Stanford university press.
Michelet, Jules (1847). History of France, (trans. G.H. Smith). New York: D. Appleton.
Montesqieu, Charles Louis de Secondat (1995). De l’esprit des lois, Paris, Edition Gallimard